The Origin Of Speciesism By Peter Singer - 1025 Words

Racism is the discrimination of one other due to their racial origin, usually involving the idea of inferiority. Specicism, is considered to be carrying a bias nature to the species to which one belongs. [Lafollette, Hugh and Shanks, Niall (1996). The Origin of Speciesism] Singer draws parallels between specicism and racism through comparing the grounds on which whose interests and suffering takes precedence. Singer believes that discarding the moral status of animal concerns in their exploitation as they are not of our species and therefore insignificant, mimics that of the prejudice of white slave owners against discarding the moral status of the interests and suffering of their African Slaves [Peter Singer Practical Ethics, 2nd edition]. Speciests, give greater weight to the interests of members of their own species when there is clash of interests and concerns, similarly, racists give greater weight to the interest of members of their own race when there is a clash of interest or concern. [Peter Singer Practical Ethics, 2nd edition] Given the principle of equal consideration of interest (the moral principle stating that when calculating the rightness and morality of an action, all affected interests should be included and weighed equally) ; it follows that equal moral concern is raised when a human of any race is suffering, so therefore, it also follows that equal moral concern should also be raised when a human or non human animal is suffering. [Peter Singer PracticalShow MoreRelatedThe History and Purpose of The Animal Rights Movement Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesto think to some extent and are certainly able to feel pain therefore non-human animals should be accorded rights. According to Peter Singer, professor of philosophy and director at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia and best known for his book Animal Liberation, he says â€Å"‘When humans fail to measure the capacity of animals to suffer, they become guilty of ‘speciesism,â⠂¬â„¢ an injustice parallel to racism and sexism (Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints, 1996).’† This fact is not to say that all animalsRead MoreThrowing Emotions On The Dogs1679 Words   |  7 Pagesmost laymen refuse to recognize the correlation. People like to believe that their feelings are internally complicated experiences that are unique to their person. However, when the topic is viewed in this light, the realistic concept of emotional origin is lost. â€Å"American behaviorism tried to explain all behavior based on operant conditioning and hence had no room for unlearned predispositions† (de Waal 191). He goes on to discuss that, â€Å"despite the frequent assertion that animal emotions hardlyRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Its Effects On Society2121 Words   |  9 Pages For centuries, philosophers have debated the existence (or non-existence) of moral obligations to non-human animals. In this essay, I will draw upon the work of Kant, Machan, Norcross, and Singer to argue that animals do, in fact, deserve moral consideration. I will then explain why these obligations should lead consumers (whose circumstances deem the consumption of animal products unnecessary) to abstain from the purchase of products that cause harm to animals. These products include, but are not

Dreams, By Sigmund Freud - 1086 Words

Dreams appear to have a universal language. In ancient societies, dreaming was viewed as some kind of supernatural communication. Dreams are fascinating mysteries. To begin the discussion of dreams it is important to make the statement that dreams can be considered an extension of consciousness. In other words, dreams can be a way the brain organizes and analyzes the day to day events during sleep. Every one dreams however, not everyone remembers their dreams. Freud believed that our dreams are buried unconscious emotions and as we sleep our mind releases these emotions in the form of dreams. He also theorized that our dreams are ways in which we act out our suppressed desires. The Interpretation of Dreams, written by Sigmund Freud, is†¦show more content†¦According to Ciccarelli and White many of today’s professionals no longer appreciate Freud’s dream theory (151). The theory proposed by Freud appears highly unscientific. The unconscious mind was important i n Freud’s work and the Freudian theory emphasized that the unconscious mind governed behavior. Consequently, to study Freud one must investigate his theory of manifest content and latent content. While reading Freud, a student learns that the actual content of the dream is referred to as manifest content. That is to say, the exact subject matter of the dream is the manifest content. At the same time, Freud believed that the latent content was the true meaning of a dream. The latent content appears to be left open to personal interpretations. It was Freud’s belief that dreams come from deep in the unconscious mind. Perhaps even from things suppressed since childhood. Freud studied dreams as a means of psychoanalyzing people and believed dreams were a kind of wish fulfillment. The view Freud took explained dreams as a window into an individual’s unconscious including their deepest desires and anxieties. In 1931 Freud wrote, as quoted in Schà ¶n (2016), â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams . . . contains the most valuable of all the dream interpretation in theory discoveries it has been my fortune to make† (76-77). Dr. Freud was proud of his literary contributions to society. In today’s world dreams might be considered a pathway to a person’s true thoughts, actions andShow MoreRelatedDreams, By Sigmund Freud1165 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s dreams appear to have a universal language. In ancient societies, people looked at dreaming as some kind of supernatural communication and dreams are fascinating mysteries. To begin the discussion of dreams, it is important to note that dreams are often considered an extension of consciousness. In other words, dreams can be a way the brain organizes and analyzes the day to day events during sleep. Everyone dreams, however, not everyone remembers their dreams. The psychoanalyst, Sigmund FreudRead MoreDreams, By Sigmund Freud1513 Words   |  7 Pages Dreams can often be mysterious and quite questionable at times. It can leave us wondering what a particular dream means to the dreamer, and we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Science can explain how dreams are related to brain functioning, but only a psychological understanding of the unconscious can explain why a dream happens at a particular time of your life and what it means psychologically. So what exactly are dreams? Strictly speaking, dreams are a series of thoughtsRead MoreThe Dreams By Sigmund Freud989 Words   |  4 Pagescomponents of a dream. The dreaming process is very complicated and is still, even today, difficult to understand. One leading contributor to the comprehension of our dreams was Sigmund Freud. He believed there were four aspects to the interpretation of dreams and they are manifest content, latent-dream thoughts, wish-fulfillment, and dream work. The manifest content can be defined as the pre-interpretation of the dream. It’s what you actually see in the dream. The latent-dream thought is what’sRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams By S igmund Freud1344 Words   |  6 PagesSome dream big, some dream small, and sadly some dream not at all The Interpretation of Dreams was published by Sigmund Freud in the year 1900 as a thought provoking compilation of ideas surrounding the cognitive processes of dreaming. Although this book has been translated and edited since its original publishing date, it reads as if to hold true to Freudian fashion; addressing levels of consciousness and their effects on how specific dreams are formed. Freud makes a clear and reverent effortRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1790 Words   |  8 PagesSigmund Freud is thought to be the founder of psychoanalysis and he embarked on conducting a study to analyse and interpret dreams as a means of determining their relation to the human psyche. Starting off his career as a neurologist he was already very familiar with the brain and it’s inner workings. However his study was specifically conducted to explore the more celestial attributes of the mind and apply scientific theory and neurological practice. Freud said that, The interpretation of dreamsRead MoreSigmund Freud s The Interpretation Of Dreams Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagespsychoanalysis’, Sigmund Freud, is perhaps known for his theories involving the human brain. During the late 1800s, his therapeutic techniques dealing with psychopathology made him quite influential within and throughout the sphere of psychology and his work has had a tremendous impact on modern culture and common opinion. Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, first published in 1899, takes into account dream interpretation and theories involving the human brain, why humans dream and what they couldRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams : Sigmund Schlomo Freud988 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Schlomo Freud was a thinker who helped us understand why our lives and relationships are full of so much confusion and pain. He told us why life is hard and how to cope. His own life incurred a lot of anxieties. Freud was born to a middle class Jewish family in 1856. His p rofessional life was not an immediate success. As a medical student he dissected hundreds of eels in an un-successful attempt to locate their reproductive organs. He promoted cocaine as a medical drug, but it turned outRead MoreDream Interpretation of Sigmund Freud Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesleast one dream in their lifetime. Most people don’t think much about the dreams they have, unless they are recurring. Most people today wake up from a dream or nightmare saying, â€Å"thank heaven that was a dream,† or â€Å"too bad that was just a dream.† Many times these dreams or nightmares have more meaning than we think. After a friend told me about some weird dreams he had been having I decided to research the meaning of dreams. I will focus on Sigmund Freud’s idea that understanding our dreams can helpRead MoreFreudian Interpretations Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1663 Words   |  7 PagesKafka’s â€Å"A Dream† tale. Which the famous philosopher, Freud, would interpret symbols for different reasonings behind a dream. In the book, Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud, he provides an in depth explanation on his beliefs behind the meaning of each occurring dream that we experience. Freud has tons of concepts that he claims for the reasonings behind each dream that have. Whether if we experience a nightmare or just a normal dream. The concepts in Interpretation of Dreams that are primarilyRead MoreEssay Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst2025 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst You step out of your car onto this amazing white sand beach. You walk toward the water and notice all of these beautiful women coming toward you and saying your name. As you start to lay the charm down you notice that one of them is chewing on your leg. Then all of a sudden all of them are taking huge bites out of you and ripping you apart. You try to escape but you seem to be unable to do anything in your defense. AAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!! All of a sudden

Marketing strategy for CourierPlease

Question: Describe about the Marketing strategy for CourierPlease? Answer: Assessment 1 Background Information of Client and service CourierPlease, a branch of SingPost group in Australia, is working as a leading delivery service in Australia and provides its services in all over the country. CourierPlease was launched in 1983. This courier service is specialized in delivery in metropolitan cities. Currently, the courier service of CourierPlease is providing its services nationwide in Adeldia, Bendigo, Brisbane, Canberra, Carrum Downs Central Coast / New Castle, Geelong, gold Coast, Melbourne, Sydney and Toowoomba. It has 550 franchisees present in all over Australia, nearly 40,000 customers are accessing the service of CourierPlease and nearly 10 million parcels are getting delivered in one year(Courier Please: About Us, 2015). Research on the service Courier service is a kind of service which is used by the customers to deliver their parcels from one place to another place. These parcel communication can be within the city, between two cities of same state, between two cities of different states or between two countries. Courier service provides the facility of communicating any type of parcel, like any size and any weight. Courier service even helps in communicating the letters. If we talk about CourierPlease, it helps in communicating every type of product. There are various competitors of CourierPlease present in Australia. The main competitors are Fast Courier, DHL, TNT, Truck It, and My US and inter parcel. The toughest competitor of Courier Please is DHL(MSI, 2012). DHL is actually an international courier service provider which provides its services in all over the world. DHL is famous for its safe and quick services(Judd, 1987). Other courier companies are also providing the best services. Thus, there is a high competitio n in the market for CourierPlease. Characteristic of the Services There are various brands of CourierPlease present in the market. Ezy Technology helps the customers in tracking and despatching of their courier, Ezy Net provides the facility of booking online from the online portal, Ezy Freight is an online despatch system in which the customers generate the data according to their needs and requirements. Ezy Quote provides the facility to the customers in finding the prices according to the size, weight and the destination of the parcel. Ezy Plan provides the facility to create a monthly plan for the user according to their requirements. Actually, this facility provides an opportunity to save money. Thus, the above brands are promoted by CourierPlease in the market. If we see CourierPlease, it provides various innovative services to the consumers like Ezy Plan which provides the facility of tie up(Courier Please: About Us, 2015). Consumers can check the prices on the internet etc. If we talk about the quality, CourierPlease provides the best servi ce in terms of security, and accurately, and on time delivery of the parcel. The services of the CourierPlease are designed well and it uses the technology like internet so perfectly, that everyone finds it very easy to use the services of CourierPlease. The services of CourierPlease are available in various ranges so that the customers can choose the service according to their needs and requirements. CourierPlease believes in providing the punctual delivery as committed to the consumers. Pricing Variables If pricing variables of this courier service are considered, it provides a wide range of prices to the consumers according to the facilities. Consumers can even chose the service according to their needs and requirements but the consumers have to pay the prices of services at the time of booking (Sharma, 2005). There is a facility regarding the pricing that the consumer can chose from, i.e., whether the sender or the receiver is going to pay for services. CourierPlease also provides various special offers on some occasions and festivals. It provides the offers to its special customers also to attract more customers. Market Details The market for this courier service can be segmented into three segments, domestic segment, special occasions and business segment. In the above segments, business segment is the most important segment of the market. Domestic segment is related to the domestic market. This market actually covers the general needs of the courier service for domestic purpose. Sometimes people need to send the parcel to their relatives or friends. Thus, the domestic market covers this type of market(Kotler, 2010). Occasional market is actually related to the courier service required on the occasions like marriages, birthdays and anniversary. People send invitations, gifts or sweets to other people via courier. Business segment, as described above, is the most beneficial segment in the market. This segment is actually related to the business related parcels. It includes the tie-up with the businesses for communicating their parcels. Today, e-commerce can also be a market segment for the courier services. E-Commerce website actually delivers the product to their customers. Thus, they can use the courier service to fulfil these purposes. Marketing methods The marketing of the courier service includes both business to business marketing as well as the business to consumer marketing. For attracting the businesses or e-commerce segment, to use the courier service, business to business marketing will be performed, while for attracting the domestic or occasional market segment, direct marketing of the courier service will be used. For business to business marketing, a proper presentation about the courier service of CourierPlease should be prepared which will include the services, offers, achievements and various other details. These details should be managed in a proper format so that the businesses can understand everything very clearly(Bordan, 1965). The presentation should be based on real data. For other purposes the internet marketing will be the prior option. Marketing, on social media websites, SEO and the e-mail marketing should be used for communicating with the people. The other ways of marketing will be the telemarketing, magaz ine and newspaper advertisements, hoardings and templates distribution. All the above marketing methods should be well arranged in a managed way for the best results. Distribution Channels Generally, the distribution channel of the courier service is very complex. Same is in the case of CourierPlease. The distribution channel of the CourierPlease includes various steps like booking, receiving the product to be delivered and the delivery of the product safely. For booking of the product to be delivered, CourierPlease uses the franchisees as well as the internet. Customers can book both at the office as well as the internet(Aze, 2012). The receiving of the parcel to be delivered can be collected by an employee of CourierPlease or even the consumer can deliver the parcel at the office. The parcel is then sent to the destination office and then it is delivered to the exact destination. Customer Service Customer service of CourierPlease includes the before sales service, after sales service, electronic service and personal service. The customer service can be used by the consumers for various purposes like complaining, getting details, and tracking of parcel and the delivery of parcel. One to personal service is also included in the customer service. This includes the booking to parcel, receiving parcel and taking feedback and complaints from the consumers (Chand, 2013). Assessment 2 Success rate of marketing campaign The campaign was really successful up to some extent in attracting the various customers. The number of customers for CourierPlease has increased. If we talk about the business to business marketing, various new businesses accepted the services of CourierPlease and the increased use of the service of CourierPlease has been seen for the domestic and occasional market but this can be improved more by putting some extra efforts(Alipour, 2011). Factors present in the success of Campaign Various factors contributed in the success of marketing campaign. For the business to business marketing, the personal presentation to the business executive really helped to add more customers in the customers list of CourierPlease. Internet marketing was the most successful factor of the marketing. In internet marketing campaign, social media marketing helped to attract more customers (Woodruffe, 2008). Changes There is a need of change in the advertisement in the newspapers and magazines. The newspaper marketing should include more popular newspaper and magazines in the market. The other changes are the presentation level to the businesses which should be enhanced. SEO marketing should be improved. Modification The newspapers and the magazines used for the marketing were not much popular. Popular newspaper and magazines should be used for the marketing(Lee, 2009). Some business has commented on the presentation which is not much clarifying the services of the organization. Thus, the presentation level for the organizations should be improved. As the organization uses the internet as the source of businesses, thus the SEO should be focused more to improve position in the market. Bibliography Courier Please: About Us. (2015). Retrieved March 23, 2015, from Courier Please: https://www.couriersplease.com.au/about-us Alipour, M. (2011). The role of service marketing mix and its its impact. 73-77. Aze, E. D. (2012). Marketing concept for courier service. 23- 45. Bordan, N. (1965). The concept of markting mix. Science in marketing, 386-397. Chand, S. (2013). Markenting Mix: 4 Elements of marketing . Retrieved march 23, 2015, from Your Article Library: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/marketing-mix-4-elements-of-marketing-mix-1147-words/7604/ Judd, V. (1987). Differentiate with the 5th P: Paople. Inustrial marketing management, 241-247. Kotler, P. (2010). Marketing management. London: Pearson Publishing House. Lee, C. (2009). A Review of Marketing mix: 4Ps or Mor? International journal of marketing studies, 2-6. MSI. (2012). Sourier Services. MSI, 1-13. Sharma, H. (2005). Services Marketing mix. 456- 470. Woodruffe, H. (2008). Marketing services . Tehran: Amir Kabir publication.

Knights and Samurais Essay Example

Knights and Samurais Paper Many people often see little similarity between the country of Japan and Europe. However, there are actually several similarities between these two countries. In fact, Reischauer and Jansen note that Feudal Japan had departed so far from East Asian norms that it was more similar to medieval Europe than it was to China. Thus, the knight of Europe and the samurai of Japan despite a lack of contact with one another shared several common elements. This was a result of many similarities social and cultural influences experienced by the two distant countries. Japan has a history that dates back thousands of years. Researchers believe the Japanese people descended from many groups that migrated to the islands from other parts of Asia, including China and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the Japanese islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and farmers. The early culture was known as Jomon, named after the cord pattern pottery crafted by the people at the time.Major Japanese cultural changes occurred about 200 B.C. The people were known as Yayoi. The Yayoi were mostly farmers. It is believed that the present-day Japanese closely resemble the Yayoi in appearance and language. Ancient Yayoi warriors developed weapons, armor and a code during the ensuing centuries that became the centerpiece for the Japanese samurai. War played a central part in the history of Japan. Warring clans controlled much of the country. A chief headed each clan; made up of related families. The chiefs were the ancestors of Japans imperial family. The wars were usually about land useful for the production of rice.In fact, only 20% of the land was fit for farming. The struggle for control of that land eventually gave rise to the Samurai. One of the important dates in the history of the Japanese warring class is 660 B.C. Thats when, according to legend, Emperor J immu became head of a confederation of warlike clans. We will write a custom essay sample on Knights and Samurais specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Knights and Samurais specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Knights and Samurais specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland

The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland The role of women in the society of the 19th century is a rather controversial point for the discussion in literature because of the fact the end of the century can be characterized as the period of the women’s awakening and starting their struggle for the real equality in rights with men. Henrik Ibsen presented his vision of the woman’s position in the society in the play A Doll’s House which became the sensation because of the accents on the problematic social questions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The play was performed on stage many times, and there are several film adaptations of Ibsen’s work. It is necessary to pay attention to the film adaptation of 1973 directed by Patrick Garland, starring Claire Bloom and Anthony Hopkins. Although stage productions and film adaptations often reflect the director’s vision of the play and its problems which can differ from the playwright’s idea, Garland’s adaptation of A Doll’s House can be discussed as the effective interpretation of the problems of the woman’s social position and the human personal freedom developed by Ibsen in his play. The main strong feature of the film is its strict dependence on the play’s plot and the author’s description of the settings which was followed thoroughly. It is possible to notice only few details which were changed by the director to provide the audience with the feeling of the real situation. It is necessary to pay attention to several excursions outside when the main scenes are developed in the house of Torvald Helmer. Thus, there are no significant transformations in the plot to meet the director’s intentions, and such additions as the developed scene of the ball can be discussed as the device to emphasize th e main characters’ emotions with the help of accentuating their actions. From this point, the director tries to represent not only his vision of the play, but interpret the work according to the playwright’s ideas. The problems which are discussed in the play and in the film are the questions of the women’s social rights, their position in the men’s society, the issue of the personal freedom, the problem of relations between men and women in the family as a result of the impact of social gender stereotypes. Patrick Garland has no intention to add some modern issues to the discussion in the film, but the ideas developed in the adaptation can be discussed as current for the social situation of the 1970s when the movement to protect the women’s rights was especially active.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also possible to determine the other important messages which were developed in the play and film such as the problems of friendship, blackmail, and lying for the benefit of the other person. The positive features of Garland’s film adaptation are in following Ibsen’s ideas to emphasize their revolutionary character, vividness, and currency. Nora, the main female character of the play, is the woman who comes through definite stages of her personal development, realizing that her life was rather artificial, and her house was only a doll’s house where the family values were insignificant in comparison with the importance of the social status and image (Ibsen). It is an interesting fact that Claire Bloom also participated in the adaptations of Ibsen’s play on stage that is why the role of Nora is close and familiar for the actress, and Bloom’s acting can be considered as persuasive an emotional. In his adaptation, Garland concentrates on the emotional state of Nora and her feeli ngs and accentuates her inner struggle and considerations with the help of the cameraman’s work when the shots are changed in relation to the changes in Nora’s emotions and her attitude to the husband (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). Nora is traditionally perceived as the childish woman, who cannot make the independent decisions, but her character develops during the play, and the audience has the opportunity to observe the willed person who wants to be respected by her husband because of her devotion and her ability to act independently. Bloom’s Nora represents all the stages of the character’s development successfully. Furthermore, it is possible to observe the changes in Nora’s tone of the voice, her movements, and gestures. Her speech changes along with her perception of the reality, and there are no signs of childishness in Nora at the end of the film (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). One of the most interesting director’s ap proaches to accentuate the emotional state of Nora is the scene with the Christmas ball when Nora dances the Tarantella. Ibsen used the symbolic meaning of this dance to accentuate Nora’s gaining the feeling of the personal freedom in spite of the pressure of the social prejudice. Thus, Garland accentuated the scene and used it to present the female character’s emotions as a kind of her opposition to the society with its norms because the norms and rules limited the women’s rights. Moreover, the scenes with a dancing heroine are also important to emphasize the chaos in her thoughts and feelings, which is represented with the help of the outstanding cameraman’s work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Dolls House Presented by Patrick Garland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To determine the difficulties which can be experienced by the woman in the society of the 19th century, it is necessary to focus on the male characters of the play. Nora’s husband Torvald Helmer is depicted as the person who does not perceive Nora seriously. Thus, Nora is just a little child or even Torvald’s doll. Helmer’s attitude is also accentuated with the help of using definite names for Nora. For instance, perceiving Nora as a child, he says that she is a â€Å"little squirrel† (Ibsen 168). However, when Nora does not meet his expectations Helmer is inclined to forget about his attitude to the wife, and he discusses her as a betrayer who does not think about the husband’s social status and image. The problem is in the fact that Nora thinks and cares for her husband, but Helmer does not notice her efforts. Garland sticks to the text, and the character of Torvald Helmer presented by Anthony Hopkins can be discussed as responding to the audience’s perception of Ibsen’s Torvald. Moreover, Hopkins’ character is even colder and more possessive in comparison with Ibsen’s portraying the character. The figure of Krogstad in the film does not attract the audience’s attention because the duet of Bloom and Hopkins makes the vivid kernel of the film. Garland adapted the play with references to the details and careful interpretation of the main themes, but he also paid much attention to the characters’ casting. Bloom and Hopkins’ acting are among the positive aspects of the film because they make the drama alive and touching. That is why, Garland’s accents on Nora and Torvald’s final dialogues are based on Bloom and Hopkins’ great acting. Furthermore, the increase of the distance between the spouses is stressed with the help of using the shots to present the characters and the changes in their appearances and emotions (â€Å"A Doll’s House†). Garland made good attempts to emphasize the provocative character and controversy of Nora’s decision to leave her home. While reading the play, it is possible to pay attention to the tension of the moment, and this tension was vividly represented by the actors in the final scene.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Nora tries to rebel against the social norms supported by her husband which are not correlated with her vision of the good actions, and she feels her freedom to make her own decisions without being afraid of the public’s opinion. Patrick Garland’s film adaptation of Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House can be discussed as successful because the director sticks to the playwright’s text, follows Ibsen’s ideas without adding another meanings and messages to the points discussed in the play. From this perspective, the film is the real adaptation of the play when the director’s position is in interpreting the play’s text carefully and representing it with the help of a camera. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the good choice of the actors for the film because the acting of Claire Bloom and Anthony Hopkins can be analyzed as emotional and vivid. Thus, the evolution of Nora’s character is presented with proper references to the text, and Hopkins’ Torvald can impress the public with his coldness and definite snobbism typical for the men of upper-middle class in the 19th century. A Doll’s House. 1973. Video file. 25 Nov. 2012. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069987/. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Portable Legacies: Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction. Ed. Jan Zlotnik Schmidt and Lynne Crockett. USA: Cengage Heinle, 2008. 167-231. Print.

Complete Guide to Probability on SAT Math + Practice Questions

Complete Guide to Probability on SAT Math + Practice Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A probability question asks you to identify how likely a particular event is to occur. How likely is it that you’ll pick a red marble out of a bag? How likely is it that a particular person will be chosen out of a lottery? How likely is it that two or more events will both occur? These are just some of the many different types of probability questions you may encounter on the SAT. This guide will take you through all aspects of probability you’ll need to know for the SATexactly what probability means, the typical probability questions you’ll see on the SAT math section, and the steps needed to solve them. Before You Continue Probability questions will show up on most SAT tests. The vast majority of SAT tests only have one questions out of the 58 math questions total, although you might very occasionally see a test with zero or two probability questions. So plan your SAT math study prep accordingly. If you are struggling to understand other fundamental sections of the math test, like integers or single variable equations, you will want to turn your focus there before you tackle this probability guide. The most important part of studying for the SAT is to focus your attention on topics that show up the most. This way, you can maximize your potential point gain per section. But if you already have a solid grasp of the other fundamental math topics (or you just really want to learn this section first), then let’s get cracking on probability! You'll learn SAT math tips and formulas to work through questions that deal with chance. Don't worry- I hear the probability of success is higher than you'd think. What Does Probability Mean? $\Probability = {\desired \outcome}/{\all \possible \outcomes}$ Remember this SAT math formula! Asking for the probability of an event is the same thing as asking for the â€Å"odds† of any particular event happening. And this probability is expressed as a fraction of: the likelihood of the event over all the outcomes possible. So how likely is it that you’ll get tails if you flip a coin? The chances are 1 in 2. 1 for the number of outcomes you want (tails) and 2 for the total number of possibilities (heads and tails). Let’s take a look at another example: There are ten students in the class. Every day, the teacher selects a random student to erase the board. What are the odds that Student A will be selected to clean the board today? The probability of Student A being selected is $1/10$. The desired outcome is 1 because Student A is only one student. And there are 10 students total, so there are 10 possible outcomes (students to pick from). Now what would happen if we had more than one possible choice as our desired outcome? What are the odds that either Student A or Student B will be selected to clean the board today? The probability is now $2/10$ (or $1/5$). Why? Because there are now 2 possible students to choose from, but the total number of students is still 10. Because the probability of any event happening is expressed as a fraction, it means that an event that will absolutely and without a doubt occur has a probability of $1/1$ or 1. There is no higher chance of it happening- this particular event will happen every single time, without fail. A probability of an absolutely impossible event, however, will be 0 because $0/x = 0$. You can also think of probabilities as percentages. If I select a red marble from a bag at a probability of $1/5$, it means that there is a 20% chance that I will select a red marble because $1/5 = 0.2$ or 20%. I'm gonna go with tails on this one. Either/Or Probability ${\Probability \of \either \event} = [{\outcome \A}/{\total \number \of \outcomes}] + [{\outcome \B}/{\total \number \of \outcomes}]$ (Note: this kind of probability is called â€Å"non-overlapping.† This means that the two events cannot both happen at the same time. There is a way to find an either/or probability for overlapping events, but you will never be asked to do this on the SAT, so it is not in this guide) As we saw above with our example of multiple students selected at random to clean a board, an either/or probability question asks how likely it is that either one of two or more events will occur. This increases the odds of our desired outcome because we do not care which of the two events happen, only that one of them does. To solve this kind of problem, we must therefore add the probability of each individual event. Their sum is the probability of either event happening. What is the probability of drawing either an ace or a queen from a deck of cards? There are 4 aces in a deck of cards and 52 cards total. Therefore, the probability of drawing an ace is $4/52 = 1/13$ (or 7.69%). There are also 4 queens in a deck of cards. So the probability of drawing a queen is also $1/13$. So the probability of drawing either an ace or a queen is $1/13 + 1/13 = 2/13$ or 15.38%. There are types of probability questions other than simple probability and either/or, but these are the only two types of probability that the SAT tests. Conditional Probability Very occasionally, the SAT will hit you with a simple conditional probability question. (I found one spread across all 8 free SAT practice tests). Conditional probability is the chances of an event (B) happening given that another event or condition (A) has already happened or been fulfilled. It's still simple probability- desired outcomes over total outcomes- but figuring out the correct number of desired vs. total outcomes can be a little tricky. Here's an example: There are 100 people working on a performance: 52 dancers, 12 stage technicians, and 36 musicians. Among the dancers, 14 are ballet dancers, 20 are jazz dancers, and 18 are modern dancers. What is the probability of selecting a ballet dancer from those working on the performance, given that the person selected is a dancer? It might seem like this is asking you the probability of selecting a ballet dancer (of which there are 14) from everyone working on the performance (of which there are 100). But actually, it's asking you the probability of selecting a ballet dancer from the dancers, because we are accepting as a given (as a condition) that the person we are randomly selecting is a dancer. We can tell this from the phrase "given that the person selected is a dancer." Thus, we must calculate the probability of selecting a ballerina (Event B) given condition A, that the person we select will be from among the 52 dancers. So the answer is $14/52$. You can identify conditional probability questions because they will say "given" or some other word or phrase to indicate that there is some precondition being met ("provided that," "assuming," etc.). Life would be better if there were a much higher probability of this actually happening Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Typical SAT Probability Questions Probability questions on the SAT will always be accompanied by a chart of some sort. Here's an example from SAT Practice Test 1: Dreams Recalled During One Week: None 1-4 5+ Total Group X 15 28 57 100 Group Y 21 68 100 Total 36 39 125 200 The data in the table above were produced by a sleep researcher studying the number of dreams people recall when asked to record their dreams for one week. Group X consisted of 100 people who observed early bedtimes, and Group Y consisted of 100 people who observed later bedtimes. If a person is chosen at random from those who recalled at least 1 dream, what is the probability that the person belonged to Group Y? $68/100$ $79/100$ $79/164$ $164/200$ There's no "either/or" or "given/assuming" in the question text, so we can conclude this is a simple probability question. This means we are looking for two pieces of information: the number of desired outcomes over the total number of outcomes. Let's actually start with our total number of outcomes: the text says we are choosing from "those who recalled at least 1 dream." So we need to figure out the total number of people (in either group) who recalled at least 1 dream. That's going to be everyone in both Group X and Group Y from the "1-4" and "5+" columns of the table. $$28+57++68 = 164$$ So our total number of outcomes (or the total number of people who remembered 1 or more dreams) is 164. You could also look at the "Totals" row at the bottom and add $39+125$ if that's easier for you. Now we need to know the number of desired outcomes. The question asks us the probability that our random choice from the group of people who remembered 1+ dreams is in Group Y. So how many Group Y individuals are in our group of 164 people who remembered at least one dream? We can figure this out by adding together the Group Y cells in the "1-4" and "5+" columns: $$+68 = 79$$ Our number of desired outcomes, then, is 79. If we put our desired outcomes (79) over our total outcomes (164) then we get $79/164$. Thus, the answer is C. I somehow don't think the odds are that much in my favor in this game.... How to Solve a Probability Question: SAT Math Strategies You will know if you are being asked for a probability question on the SAT because there will be a chart and the problem will ask you for the "probability of," the "proportion of," or the "odds of" one or more events happening. When you see those words, follow these two simple steps to solving a probability question: #1: Determine What Kind of Question It Is It's important to determine whether the question is a simple probability question, a conditional probability question, or an either/or probability question so that you know how to proceed. Remember, either/or questions will pretty much always have an "either" or an "or" in the question, and conditional probability questions will say "given" or "assuming" or some other word to indicate that there's some kind of condition or event preceding the probability you must calculate. #2: Simplify the Idea of a Probability Once you get used to working with probabilities, you’ll find that probability questions are often just fancy ways of working with fractions and percentages. This is especially clear in the SAT's format, which gives you everything in a chart. You typically just need to figure out which cells of the table to add together to get the desired outcomes and put that over the cells you need to add together to get the total number of outcomes that the question is asking about. The really important part is usually identifying what the total outcomes actually are and what the desired outcomes actually are. With odds of 37 to 1, how could you lose? (Answer: easily) Test Out Your Knowledge with SAT Math Practice Questions 1. From SAT Practice Test 3: Under 40 40+ Total Male 12 2 14 Female 8 3 Total 20 5 25 The table above shows the distribution of age and gender for 25 people who entered a contest. If the contest winner will be selected at random, what is the probability that the winner will be either a female under age 40 or a male age 40 or older? $4/25$ $10/25$ $/25$ $16/25$ 2. From SAT Practice Test 3: Left-handed Right-handed Female Male Total 18 122 The incomplete table above summarizes the number of left-handed students and right-handed students by gender for the eighth-grade students at Keisel Middle School. There are 5 times as many right-handed female students as there are left-handed female students, and there are 9 times as many right-handed male students as there are left-handed male students. If there is a total of 18 left-handed students and 122 right-handed students in the school, which of the following is closest to the probability that a right-handed student selected at random is female? (Note: Assume that none of the eight-grade students are both right-handed and left-handed.) $0.410$ $0.357$ $0.333$ $0.250$ 3. From SAT Practice Test 5: Teaching Research Total General Surgeon 258 156 414 Orthopedic Surgeon 9 74 193 Total 377 230 607 In a survey, 607 general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons indicated their major professional activity. The results are summarized in the table above. If one of the surgeons is selected at random, which of the following is closest to the probability that the selected surgeon is an orthopedic surgeon whose indicated professional activity is research? $0.122$ $0.196$ $0.318$ $0.379$ 4. From SAT Practice Test 7: (Grid-In Question) Number of Contestants by Score and Day 5/5 4/5 3/5 2/5 1/5 0/5 Total Day 1 2 3 4 6 2 3 20 Day 2 2 3 5 5 4 1 20 Day 3 3 3 4 5 3 2 20 Total 7 9 13 16 9 6 60 The same 20 contestants, on each of 3 days, answered 5 questions in order to win a prize. Each contestant received 1 point for each correct answer. The number of contestants receiving a given score on each day is shown in the table above. No contestant received the same score on two different days. If a contestant is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected contestant received a score of 5 on Day 2 or Day 3, given that the contestant received a score of 5 on one of the three days? Answers: B, A, A, $5/7$ Answer Walk-Throughs Practice Question 1: This is an either-or probability question, which we can tell because the question includes "either" and "or." So we'll be adding two simple probabilities together. The first probability is the chance of choosing a female under 40 at random from the group of people who entered the contest. There were 8 females under 40 and 25 entrants total according to the table, so our first probability is $8/25$. The second probability is the chance of choosing a male 40 or over. According to the table, there were 2 men 40 or over, and, again, we know that 25 people entered the contest, so our second probability is $2/25$. Now we need to add our probabilities together: $$8/25 + 2/25 = 10/25$$ Thus, the answer is B. Practice Question 2: Wait a second- the table isn't all the way filled out here! This is actually an algebra question and a probability question tied up in one. How can we figure out what goes in the table here? Well, we know that there are five times as many right-handed female students as left-handed female students. Let's say, then, that the number of left-handed female students is $f$ and the number of right-handed female students is $5f$. For the male students, we'll say that $m$ is the number of left-handed male students and then, per the problem, $9m$ is the number of right-handed male students, since there are 9 times as many. We also know that there is a total of 18 left-handed students and 122 right-handed students. This means that $$f+m = 18$$ and $$5f + 9m = 122$$ What we're really interested in here is the number of right-handed female students (which is our desired outcome), so let's solve for $f$. Per our first equation, $$m=18-f$$ So replacing $m$ with $18-f$ in our other equation, we get: $$5f + 9(18 - f) = 122$$ $$5f + 162 - 9f = 122$$ $$-4f + 162 = 122$$ $$-4f = -40$$ $$f = 10$$ Remember, $f$ is the number of left-handed female students, and the number of right-handed female students is $5f$ or 50. This means that our desired outcome (right-handed female students) is 50. Our total number of potential outcomes is going to be the total number of right-handed students, since that is the pool we are selecting from. That's 122. So the answer is $50/122$. In decimal form, this is 0.410. Thus, the answer is A. Practice Question 3: This is a good old simple probability question. We are selecting one of the surgeons at random, so the total number of potential outcomes is just the total number of surgeons- 607. And we want to know the chances that a randomly-selected surgeon is an orthopedic surgeon whose professional activity is research. Per the table, there are 74 orthopedic surgeons who do research. This means our probability is $74/607$ or, as a decimal, 0.122. So the answer is A. Practice Question 4: This grid-in question is both an either/or probability question and a conditional probability question. The condition is we are selecting at random among contestants who received a 5/5 on one of the three days. The question tells us that we can assume that no one got the same score multiple days, so we can assume that the 7 people who received 5s across the 3 days are all different people. Our total number of potential outcomes, then, is 7- not 20, the total number of contestants. Our desired outcome is the number of people receiving 5s on Day 2 or Day 3 (there's that either/or)! 2 people received 5s on Day 2, and 3 on Day 3. Our two probabilities that we are adding together, then, are $$2/7 + 3/7 = 5/7$$ The answer, then, is $5/7$. Whoo! Take your new probability knowledge and celebrate! The Take-Aways Probability questions can seem much trickier than they actually are. By taking the time to analyze what is being asked of you- what's really the desired outcome? How many possible outcomes are there really? Is this an either/or question?- and understanding that probabilities are simply fractional relationships of desired outcomes over all potential outcomes, you’ll be able to tackle SAT probability questions in no time. What’s Next? You’ve stacked the odds in your favor by mastering SAT probability. Now that you’re done, it’s probably a good idea to take a look at all the topics covered on SAT math. Don’t know how you could possibly finish a math section on time? Look no further than our article on how to buy yourself time and complete your SAT math problems before it’s pencils down. Want to get a perfect score? If you’ve already mastered your timing and score, it may be time to look at our article on how to get a perfect 800 on SAT Math, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Global Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global Strategy - Essay Example The company caters to The United States, Canada, Europe as well as the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. The company on one hand provides the telecommunications services and on the other hand is the producer of the wireless telephones, cellular telephones as well as tablets. The company has dominant presence in the European Markets of Germany, Poland, Hungary, Australia, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Croatia and Montenegro. The company has a subscriber base of 150 million which makes it one of the largest players in the industry. The company is a publicly listed company and is being listed in all the stock exchanges of Germany and in one of the stock exchanges of the USA. T-mobile has an employee base of more than two thirty thousand and has many subsidiaries outside the region of Germany in the places mentioned. The company earned revenue of 58.2 billion euro in the year 2012. The history of the company dates back to the year 1985 when the first telecommunication services we re introduced in the country of Germany. The government postal services also conducted the telecommunication systems under the name of Deutsche Bundespost. The first GSM network of Germany started its operations from 1989. The company which was in those days controlled and operated by the government was privatised in the year 1996 under the name of Deutsche Telekom. In 2002 the company was renamed to T-Mobile by changing it German form and making it more anglicised. In the year 2010, T-Mobile started a joint venture with the subsidiary in France. In Germany however, the operations of the various subsidiaries of the company were merged. This gave rise to a new entity that mainly operated in the market namely Telekom Deutschland GmbH. Thus the T-mobile was no longer existent in the country of Germany. Corporate structure The corporate structure of the company has been built in such as way as to make the company sustain in the long-run. The company has to comply with the German Corpora te Governance Code because the company is based in this country. There are seven broad departments in the organisation that take the responsibility of the various areas of the businesses of T-Mobile. Some of the areas however are cross functional and are interlinked. There are the departments like the Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Operations, Legal and Compliance as well as the Data Privacy Departments. Each of these Departments is controlled by Board of Directors. These boards are also segmented based on the geographical location and area of operation. These departments are Germany, T-Systems and Europe & Technology. The company had an internal focus all through the tenure of its business (Thompson, 2012, pp. 198-234). The managers and the chief strategists of the company ensured that the company maintained a good level of revenue and recorded a comfortable rage in the EBITDA of the company. These figures went down in the year 2012 because the company has to meet several fin ancial targets in the particular fiscal year. The company was able to meet the various kinds of

Operation and supply chain management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation and supply chain management - Article Example Operation management represents the advanced designs, operations and latest improvement in the organisation dealing with delivering of products and services. This article mainly focuses the authors’ view on the area of logistic that relates with the supply chain management theories. Efficiency of any operation frames the basic problem pertaining to the aspects of economics along with management (Lichocik and Sadowski 119-125). As far as the supply chain theories are concerned, issues associated with efficiencies basically reflects process being involved in logistic field. Lichocik (2013) has further focused on the logistic rules, which claims that activities being involved in the logistic area must be carried out in an effective manner. System structure, human resource and incentive systems are certain factors, which plays a significant role pertaining to efficiency. Furthermore, it has been observed that appropriate model which has been analysed, frames the basis for consider ing the logistic operations as effectual (Lichocik and Sadowski 119-125). ... Moreover, the authors have researched upon the numerous activities being undertaken by various industries. The outcome of the research reveals that an effective Supply chain incorporates certain vital factors. The supply chain being involved in delivering process must be cost–effective. In this context, it must ensure economic efficiency of a supply chain. Correspondingly, the supply chain process is being advocated to be functional, which can be achieved by reducing the processes being involved. In relation to the aforesaid scenario, it can be further analysed that effective lean management must frame an important part of the process (Lichocik and Sadowski 119-125). The authors have radically focused upon the importance of logistic outsourcing in recent scenario. It has been observed that maintaining a logistic potential ensures generation of fixed cost within the company irrespective of any prevailing market demand. The objective of the article basically relates with the eff iciency of the SCM. The authors have taken into consideration secondary resources for conducting the research study. They have considered various literatures related to SCM for conducting the research study. The results reveals about the various determinants of SCM. Furthermore, the findings also reveals about the cost-effectiveness and lean management as an important part of the SCM in the field of logistic (Lichocik and Sadowski 119-125). ARTICLE 2 The second article, â€Å"Use Of Sales And Operations Planning In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises† written by Michal Adamczak, Roman Domanski and Piotr Cyplik focuses on the integration of planning process as an effective way for reducing prices of

Psychology Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay Repression is one of the most recurring concepts in psychology. Something dreadful happens and the mind pushes the experience into remote place of the perception. It is one of the key base on which the structure of psychoanalysis rests. Two empirical studies show high degree of trust in the accuracy of the recovered recall heard by many therapists from their clients. Goodman (1991) conducted a large scale study of clinicians who have come across, in their practice, ritualistic and religion-related abuse cases such as allegations of highly peculiar and shocking immoral ritual abuse in the context of an alleged enormous, hidden network of well thought-out, Tran generational satanic cults. Statement of the problem Clients with SRA memories have reported in depth memories of abuse and experiences being used by cults during adolescence as serial baby breeders to provide undetectable infants for ritual sacrifices, (Rogers, 1992b). Bottoms et al. s (1991) analysis indicates that 30% of the clinicians interviewed had seen at least one case of child sexual abuse. Further investigation of 200 clinicians experiences shows that a considerable number of cases involved amnesic periods. Most of the clinicians believed that the so-called harm was actually done and that the ritualistic aspects were actually experienced by the clients. The focus of this study therefore will be based on the investigation of adult memories of childhood abuse. This will include re-examination of some of widely common belief of psychotherapist. For many years the therapist has believed that repressed memory is a great influence, since they are accessible to perception (Bowers, 1992). This research will investigate if there is any proof to support this augment. This study will be based on the following assumption: The psychotherapist ‘s interpretation is the cause of the patient’s disorder, those who cannot memorize a traumatic event at childhood are repressing their memory, those who dream about trauma are in fact in contact with accurate memory. Literature review A different approach to the issue of therapist belief was taken by Loftus and Herzog (1991). They carry out a detailed interview with 16 clinicians who had experienced at least one repressed memory case. The outcomes reveal that about 81 percent of the clinicians always believed in their clients. The most common foundation for belief was symptomatology, or body memories. Many clinicians believe that determining what is genuine and what is not genuine is not the job of a therapist. The conclusion from this study was that therapists believe their clients and often use symptomatology as a proof. The clinicians are overwhelmed with the emotional hurt that accompanies the expression of the memories. (Dawes, 1992) has argued that this wave of belief is based in large part on authority and social consent. There are those with stand positions who would like to reject the accuracy of all repressed memories and those who would accept them all as true. (Van Benschoten, 1990) agued that, these extreme positions will only worsen our troubles. According to Ganaway (1989) if memory is not authentic then it could be due to dream, false impression, or hallucination which is internally derived as a justifiable mechanism. Daro, 1988), agued that childhood sexual abuse is terribly common among different people and according to (Freyd, 1991); even the most conservative of them are high enough to support the enormity of child abuse. Many people who come for therapy were abused in the past when they were children and have always recalled their abuses and give all the possible evidence of being abuse in the past. The abuse may sometime be corroborated with pornographic photographs and thus may lead to un-authenticity of the memory. Repressed memory abuse cases could be authentic if the abuses are confirmed to be prevalence. However when memories ,do not return for 20 to 30 years, documented corroboration might be few, but this does not implies that the such memories are not true. Mack (1980) reported on a 27-year-old man who, recalled memories of seeing his mother trying to hang herself. Later, his father confirmed that in many occasion the mother had tried to killed herself and that the son had witnessed one attempt when he was only 3 years old. And this confirmation apparently led to a relief of symptoms in the son. Sometime memory might be said to be false and that does not implies that such person is actually lying. The psychotherapists who question the accuracy of reports have been overwhelmed with the honesty and intensity of the terror, rage, guilt, depression, and overall behavioral dysfunction accompanying the understanding of abuse (Ganaway, 1989,). Memories according to Ganaway (1989) could be brought about as a result of internal or external sources. The internal factor which produces an abuse memory may give a screen for more ordinary but, ironically, less tolerable, painful experiences of childhood. From the above literature we understand that if memory is untrue, then it will certainly lead to severe damage to the repetitive of potentially innocent people (Ganaway, 1989). This work therefore will investigate how to establish a factual memory, and its finding will be applied in the clinical, societies, and also for handling the patients of childhood trauma. Methodology  This chapter covers the following sections: participants, apparatus, design, and the procedures for carrying out this study. Participants A group of 80 a adult out patients with a reported memory of childhood a buse will be randomly selected Their level of continuous recall, will be tested ands the possible factors which led to the delay of recall will concurrently be investigated. Various abuses will be then be investigated (sexual abuse and physical abuse). At least one of the clinical therapist specialists will also be investigated on how they have been handling abuse cases. Apparatus The study will make use of the questionnaires, interview guides and observation to carry bout its research. These instruments will be administered by the researcher and the research assistant. Questionnaire schedules will be used to collect information from the outpatients because a great deal of the information can be obtained from the respondents directly through questionnaires in a short time. The information included continuity of memory, precipitants to delayed recall of childhood trauma, and the sources of memory confirmation. Oral interviews guidelines will also be used to collect information from the heads of the clinical therapist to verify information on the questionnaires. Interviews are advantageous because of face-to face interpersonal interaction. Non participants’ observation method will be used to collect information on the various respondents given either by the outpatients or the clinical therapist specialist. Procedures The research will start by preparation of the materials to be used for the study after carrying out a pilot study to verify the efficient of the materials. With the help of the research assistant, the questionnaires will be distributed to the selected respondents and they will be expected to fill them on the agreed period. Possible guideline will be issued to assist them understand the questions to be answered. Time, space and materials will be organized for the interview, and this will be set based on the respondent prevalence. Transport and allowances will be set aside as a way of appeasing the respondent. Cameras and radio tapes will also be used to capture the procedures. Data analysis and presentation  The data collected from the field will be analyzed and presented by use of descriptive statistics and other quantitative methods. These include the use of averages, percentages, deviations, variance and ranking. Percentages will be used to analyzed the number of the occurrences of the abuse, where the ranking be used to analyze the trend or the frequency of the abuse. Averages will be used to analyze the approximate number of people in the population affected by the trauma. This research will adopt the use SPSS and Microsoft Excel computer programmes.

Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process :: essays papers

Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process A student at Illinois Wesleyan University recently confessed to holding a morbid fear of parked cars. He said, â€Å"I’m terribly afraid one of them will roll right over me† (Hamel). The actual odds of a parked car suddenly rolling over him are extremely slim; however, that does not alleviate his fears. It takes this poor boy a great amount of personal will power just to walk across a street where there are parked cars. As senseless as a fear of parked cars may be, people constantly allow their lives to be manipulated through fears. Political figures fret for days, sometimes weeks, over the wording of a tiny passage from their acceptance speech; poets spend decades of their lives search for that one word to give an infinite amount of meaning to a poem no one will ever read; and authors hold back some of their most inventive creations due to fear of public response. The key is that people must be willing to set aside public opinion and write of the things in their hearts. Into the Waste Land In 1922, T. S. Eliot published a poem that sent critics into a fury. Attacking everything from structure to meaning, the public response was a far cry from good. However, this poem went on to become regarded as the most influential English poem of the twentieth century. The poem was entitled â€Å"The Waste Land†. Eliot was not without reservation in writing his poem, however. When first written, he was so displeased with the result that he scrapped the bulk of the poem. It wasn’t until several years later, not to mention several drafts later, that he was content enough to publish (Eliot, 35). How would modern poetry be different had Eliot not released â€Å"The Waste Land†? What would poets today be writing if Eliot had let his fears of public rejection persuade him not publish? It is not as if Eliot couldn’t have known how his poem would be received. A variation upon a theme is accepted; total rewriting of the theme is not. Eliot did what few writers are ever able to, namely, publishing a piece that was radically different from anything the world had ever seen. Despite initial criticism, people soon saw the work as more than a failure; they began to see it as the beginning of a new poetic era. Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process :: essays papers Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process A student at Illinois Wesleyan University recently confessed to holding a morbid fear of parked cars. He said, â€Å"I’m terribly afraid one of them will roll right over me† (Hamel). The actual odds of a parked car suddenly rolling over him are extremely slim; however, that does not alleviate his fears. It takes this poor boy a great amount of personal will power just to walk across a street where there are parked cars. As senseless as a fear of parked cars may be, people constantly allow their lives to be manipulated through fears. Political figures fret for days, sometimes weeks, over the wording of a tiny passage from their acceptance speech; poets spend decades of their lives search for that one word to give an infinite amount of meaning to a poem no one will ever read; and authors hold back some of their most inventive creations due to fear of public response. The key is that people must be willing to set aside public opinion and write of the things in their hearts. Into the Waste Land In 1922, T. S. Eliot published a poem that sent critics into a fury. Attacking everything from structure to meaning, the public response was a far cry from good. However, this poem went on to become regarded as the most influential English poem of the twentieth century. The poem was entitled â€Å"The Waste Land†. Eliot was not without reservation in writing his poem, however. When first written, he was so displeased with the result that he scrapped the bulk of the poem. It wasn’t until several years later, not to mention several drafts later, that he was content enough to publish (Eliot, 35). How would modern poetry be different had Eliot not released â€Å"The Waste Land†? What would poets today be writing if Eliot had let his fears of public rejection persuade him not publish? It is not as if Eliot couldn’t have known how his poem would be received. A variation upon a theme is accepted; total rewriting of the theme is not. Eliot did what few writers are ever able to, namely, publishing a piece that was radically different from anything the world had ever seen. Despite initial criticism, people soon saw the work as more than a failure; they began to see it as the beginning of a new poetic era.

Case Study: of Nike Company Ltd: Question 1

Question 1 a) In the late 1990s Nike found itself in a serious situation with its manufacturing approach in Asia. -Select and apply one of Porter’s models of strategy to explain why Nike were manufacturing in Asia? Michael Porter, leading author on company strategy and competitive advantage, has developed several generic strategies which, according to Porter, are the driving force behind any given company’s success. These strategies comprise of Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. It is Porter’s view that any company that positions itself in at least one of these categories or striving to achieve one of these strategies should be able to attain and maintain competitive advantage, ceteris paribus. Nike Inc. has enjoyed a great deal of success in the Global Sports and Clothing Industry. One may even go as far to say it is the â€Å"cream of the crop† or â€Å"a cut above the rest†. One may also wonder if any of Porter’s strategies can be applied to explain or justify Nike’s competitive advantage. The Strategy of Cost Leadership is most applicable to Nike. It is also safe to say that this strategy was the deciding factor behind its’ manufacturing operations in Asia. Nike has no factories. It does not tie up cash in buildings and machinery. The evolving design and style of its products does not warrant this type of investment. Instead, it outsources labour. Nike has manufactured wherever it can produce high quality products at the lowest possible price. This makes a very lean organization and paves the way for the achievement of ultimate cost effectiveness. If prices rise, and products can be made elsewhere at a cheaper rate, to the same or better specification, Nike will move production. Porter’s cost leadership strategy concentrates on aiming to become the lowest cost producer in the industry through economies of scale. The cost leader aims to drive costs down while it targets a broad market, so sufficient sales can cover costs. Figure 1. is a representation of Porter’s matrix which has been applied to the Nike Inc. By manufacturing in Asia, Nike was able to capitalize, not only on the availability of cheap labor, but also the availability of a wide range of materials required for production. The abundance of raw materials would mean large quantities of high quality purchased at wholesale prices. This enabled Nike to have tremendous purchasing power in Asia due to the high value of the US dollar. Nike also benefited from the relatively low tariffs associated with leather olded footwear. Nike would have never enjoyed these luxuries if its manufacturing was conducted in its homeland Another factor to consider is the size of the labor force. Nike, through contracts, indirectly employed thousands around the world. This would ultimately result in the manufacturing of massive quantities in quick time. The higher the product turnover, the higher the returns. All these ingredients are paramount and will inevitably yield a cost leader, a. k. a. , Nike Inc.

Hansberry’s play “A Raisin in the Sun”

Hansberry's play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† is the story of the Youngers, a poor African- American family in the 1940s. All of the Youngers have important dreams that they wish to realize but due to their economic status and the abundant racism of the time, and they are forced to put aside these dreams. However, due to the insurance money from â€Å"Big Walter†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs death, they have a chance to overcome these obstacles and achieve their dreams. Beneatha is a good example of a character whose dreams have been deferred. Beneatha dreams of being a doctor and throughout the play, struggles to determine her identity as a well-educated black woman. Beneatha is a collage student and is obviously the best educated member of the Younger family. Her education is very important to her and she hopes to one day become a doctor. Beneatha believes in education as a means to understanding and self-fulfillment through knowledge and wisdom. It was rare at this time to find a poor well-educated black woman with such high ambitions. Beneatha took pride in this fact and often flaunted her intelligence to her family. Mama, knowing how much her education meant to her, instructed Walter to save $3000 for Beneatha's medical schooling. When it was discovered that Walter had invested the money in his liquor store scheme and Willy had run off with all the money, Beneatha was devastated. She had lost all hope and even though her spirits may have been lifted after her talk with Asagai in act III and the chance to move into a new house, it seems that Beneatha will never realize this dream. Another major dream that Beneatha wants is to have her own identity. In the play she does this by trying to gain a better grasp on her cultural identity as an African-American. The rest of her family, after living in America for five generations, seem out of touch with their African heritage, so Beneatha turns to Asagai, a native Nigerian, to see if he can supply the lost part of herself. Beneatha dresses in Nigerian garb, dances to African music, and lets her hair grow naturally in an attempt to become more African. Beneatha does this in part because she sincerely wants to identify herself as an Africa-American but she also does it in protest of what she calls an â€Å"oppressive† white culture. Beneatha also dreamed of overcoming not only the prejudice against blacks, but also the prejudice against women. In the 1940s, it was common belief that a woman's place was at home and it was very rare for any woman to become a doctor. Even Walter suggests that she become a nurse, a traditionally woman's job, instead. Beneatha was an early feminist and did not take the traditionally submissive role of a woman. Instead, she spoke up against anything she perceived as an injustice. She became particularly passionate about freeing the Africans from French and English colonizers after talking to Asagai. In the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† all of the main characters were guided by their dreams, and the same is true for Beneatha. In the play, Beneatha struggles to create her own identity while battling against the abundant prejudice of the day. While she partially succeeds at creating her own identity, her dreams of becoming a doctor fall short when Walter losses the necessary money. However, Beneatha is a strong, intelligent woman and will most likely succeed later in life.

Can torture ever be admissible Essays

Can torture ever be admissible Essays Can torture ever be admissible Essay Can torture ever be admissible Essay Torture has been used as an instrument to crush the will of the enemy through millennia. The intensity and bitterness it has created has through the ages, evoked public outcries; to no avail. The 21st Century has begun with the world’s only Super Power using torture in the war against terror, which has justifiably sent shock waves throughout civilized societies. The issue of use of torture as an instrument of State policy is being hotly debated from the pragmatic, legal, philosophical and religious perspective.The thorny issue of torture as an instrument of State policy to extract information and use it as a tool to interrogate potentially dangerous terrorists or bad elements in society has come into sharp focus in the aftermath of horrendous images in the international media of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and Abu Ghraib prison, Iraq. That Americans, the conscience keepers of nations, were involved in acts of utter barbarity has shocked the world. Religious and human rights groups ha ve made common cause to enlighten the ‘enlightened’ of the inherent danger of letting loose terror as an instrument of State policy. A fiery debate rages.According to Scott Allen, M.D. of Physicians for Human Rights, torture has led to false and misleading testimony with devastating consequences. â€Å"The idea that torture yields reliable information is highly questionable as victims will often say whatever it is they think their interrogators want to hear to stop the torture†.In a brilliant expose of the apologists of torture, Kenneth S. Pope in a chapter titled Torture,† in the Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender, edited by Judith Worell and published by Academic Press, has listed and countered every argument of the apologists of torture.The most common strategies of accommodation, acceptance, or justification of torture rely on:i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State authority and formal or ders: The UN Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, states, â€Å"An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification of torture.ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of abstraction and linguistic transformation: The horrors of torture can be obscured by achieving a sufficient level of abstraction, euphemism, and other forms of linguistic transformation. Repeatedly in the Nuremberg trials, the most heinous forms of torture carried out by Nazi doctors, concentration camp guards, soldiers, and others were characterized dismissively by the defendants as medical matters.iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚   They dont count: This strategy creates the illusion that the people targeted for torture are not actually people but rather genetic or cultural trash, of no inherent importance.iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice is possible only when those who have caused great suffering are made to endure great suffering: Torture is seen as righteo us and well-deserved revenge. In some instances, this is portrayed as an eye for an eye philosophy.v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Torture is appropriate not because of what people have done but because of what they will, might, or can do.vi.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Torturers as the relatively helpless victims of external forces beyond their control.vii.   The most common rationales for engaging in torture are to obtain information that supposedly could not be gathered by other means. Those supporting torture may claim that subjecting an individual to a relatively brief experience of torture may be necessary for a greater good: preventing the loss of a great many lives.viii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those who are aware of torture may come to accept its presence in their community or state by viewing it as something that is none of their business.ix.  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the bluntest ways that people can accommodate torture in their midst is to deny that it exists, usually by dismissing an y signs, reports, or evidence of torture as lies, exaggerations, or mistakes.Pope has cautioned that while â€Å"understanding and preventing torture requires countering effectively the strategies of acceptance, accommodation, and justification, they may well carry special appeal in the context of inertia, noninvolvement, and the costs of recognizing tortures realities†.Pope has quoted Harvard psychiatrist Judith Herman:It is very tempting to take the side of the perpetrator. All the perpetrator asks is that the bystander do nothing. He appeals to the universal desire to see, hear, and speak no evil. The victim, on the contrary, asks the bystander to share the burden of pain. The victim demands action, engagement, and remembering.Pope has raised two pertinent questions: What are we doing to understand and prevent torture and help its victims? If we are not doing all we can, why?Democrat Patrick Leahy, US Senator from Vermont, in an article titled, â€Å"There is no justifica tion for torture† published in the Boston Globe of June 28, 2004, has rebuffed arguments centering on necessity and self-defense as justifications for torture.If torture is justified to obtain information from a suspected terrorist, why not from his wife or children? Do we really want to usher in a new world that justifies inhumane, immoral and cruel treatment as any means to an end? We must reject the dangerous notion that torture can be legally justified.†Amoral pragmatism should be shunned. The question each one of us should ask ourselves is: Can our country adopt the high moral ground against another if it uses torture to gather information? It would not be inappropriate to muster an array of quotations from philosophers and thinkers, good souls, who have left an indelible imprint on history and whose thoughts have the power to raise sunken spirits.The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons (Fyodor Dostoyevsky).Never do anything aga inst conscience even if the state demands it (Albert Einstein).To sin is a human business, to justify sins is a devilish business (Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy).Liberty has never come from the government. Liberty has always come from the subjects of government. The history of liberty is the history of resistance. The history of liberty is a history of the limitation of governmental power, not the increase of it (Woodrow Wilson).In the light of the foregoing, only an insane voice would plead for the admissibility of torture as a deliberate instrument of State policy.Scott Allen in a question-answer session hosted by Amnesty International described the symptoms of torture on victims as depression, anxiety, difficulty with concentration and memory, hypersensitivity to external stimuli, hallucinations and perceptual distortions. â€Å"In severe cases, these symptoms can lead to personality changes that can interfere with daily function and the maintenance of social and intimate relationship s. Persistence of symptoms and recovery can vary widely from case to case, but often may take years and even decades.†Torture, says Scott Allen, is clearly dehumanizing and damaging to the victim, but it can be just as damaging to the mental well being of the torturer.Here it would be appropriate to quote Booker T. Washington, â€Å"You cant hold a man down without staying down with him.†And Friedrich Nietzche: â€Å"Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And when you look into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you†.Pope Johan Paul II has written:The thought of Jesus being stripped, beaten and derided until his final agony on the cross should always prompt a Christian to protest against similar treatment of their fellow beings. Of their own accord, disciples of Christ will reject torture, which nothing can justify, which causes humiliation and suffering to the victim and degrades the tormentor.George Hunsinger , professor at Princeton Seminary, and a leading voice in the Presbyterian movement to oppose torture, delivered a pointed sermon in 2006 in response to theologian and Nazi fighter Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s eye-opening question, Who is Jesus Christ for us today?   Hunsinger’s answer is that Christ today is found among the victims of U.S. torture (www.generousorthodoxy.net).He has quoted from the Holy Scripture: â€Å"Remember those who are in prison, as though you were in prison with them; those who are being tortured, as though you yourselves were being tortured (Heb. 13:3)†.He closes with an interpretation of I John 4:20:   Those who say, I love God, and torture their brothers or sisters, are liars; for those who torture a brother or sister whom they have seen, cannot love God whom they have not seen; and the same holds true for those who turn a blind eye to torture or otherwise condone it.No religion condones torture.Hinduism: This is the sum of duty: Do naug ht unto others which would cause you pain if done to you (Mahabharata).Islam: No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother what which he desires for himself (Sunnah).Buddhism: Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful (Udana Varga).Judaism: What is hateful to you, do not to your fellowmen. That is the entire Law; all the rest is commentary (Talmud).Zoroastrianism: That nature alone is good which refrains from doing unto another whatsoever is not good for itself (Dadistan-i-dinik).Torture is the very essence of evil. Sooner of later, woe would befall a society that condones torture. Here three quotations are appropriate and self-explanatory:The government is the potent omnipresent teacher. For good or ill it teaches the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself, it invites anarchy. To declare that the end justifies the means, to declare that the government may commit crimes, would bring terrible retribution (Justice Louis D. Brandeis).Give government the weapons to fight your enemy and it will use them against you (Harry Browne).A nation of sheep will beget a government of wolves (Edward R. Murrow).Skeptics, who entertain apologists of torture, have no place in civilized society.

ACT Score Comparison for SUNY Campuses

ACT Score Comparison for SUNY Campuses If youre wondering if you have the ACT scores youll need to get into one of the four-year SUNY colleges and universities, heres a side-by-side comparison of scores for the middle 50% of enrolled students. If your scores fall within or above these ranges, youre on target for admission to one of these public universities in New York State. SUNY ACT Score Comparison (mid 50%) School Composite25% Composite75% English25% English75% Math25% Math75% Albany 22 27 - - - - Alfred State 19 25 18 24 19 26 Binghamton 28 32 - - - - Brockport 20 25 18 24 18 25 Buffalo 24 30 - - - - Buffalo State - - - - - - Cobleskill - - - - - - Cortland 22 25 20 24 20 25 Env. Science/Forestry 23 29 22 27 22 29 Farmingdale 20 24 - - - - Fashion Institute - - - - - - Fredonia 21 27 - - - - Geneseo 24 28 - - - - Maritime College 22 27 - - - - Morrisville 16 20 - - - - New Paltz 24 29 22 27 23 30 Old Westbury - - - - - - Oneonta 21 26 20 25 19 25 Oswego 21 26 - - - - Plattsburgh 21 25 19 25 20 24 Polytechnic 20 28 23 30 25 30 Potsdam - - - - - - Purchase 21 28 22 32 19 26 Stony Brook 26 31 24 33 26 31 Keep in mind that the SAT tends to be much more popular than the ACT in New York State. Nevertheless, either exam is perfectly acceptable. Youll be at no disadvantage using the ACT, and you should use scores from the exam that you prefer. If your ACT scores are below the lower number in the table above, all hope is not lost. 25% of applicants who attend the SUNY school also had numbers in the bottom 25th percentile. Being admitted will be more challenging with a sub-par score, but it is not impossible. Also note that the admissions standards vary considerably from one campus to another. Binghamton University, for example, is highly selective and nearly all admitted students have both grades and standardized test scores that are well above average. Binghamton is one of the top colleges in New York State. Other campuses such as Morrisville and Cobleskill are far less selective. Your Academic Record Matters More than the ACT Realize that ACT scores are just one part of the application. The most important part of your SUNY application will be your academic record. Be sure you have adequate coursework in key academic areas such as a foreign language and math. Its also important to show that you have challenged yourself, so Advanced Placement (AP) classes, IB classes, Honors classes, and dual enrollment classes are all important for helping to demonstrate your college preparedness.   Holistic Admissions The SUNY admissions folks will also be looking at non-numeric measures, for the four-year colleges and universities in the SUNY network all have holistic admissions. A strong essay and meaningful extracurricular activities  can play an important role in the admissions process. At some campuses, special talents in areas such as sports or music can also help make up for standardized test scores that are less than ideal. Data Source: National Center for Education  Statistics

Proposal memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal memo - Research Paper Example The means by which Walmart is engaging with environmental issues, both as a means of boosting its overall image, and as a means of affecting a change with regards to the way that it has traditionally engaged in business It is the hope of this author that by engaging in each of these forms of analysis, the research will be able to provide a clear and definitive understanding of some of the changes that are currently being effected with regards to the way in which the entity in question engages in business and seeks to promote itself and its business model to new clients and into the future. The overall timeframe that the project will analyze will be within the past 4 years; also reflected in the up to date nature of the data sources which have been utilized the inform this piece (presented below). With your approval, this project will continue and seek to leverage the resources that have been provided in the appendix as a working bibliography/reference list as a means of drawing a further level of analysis upon the subject matter that has thus far been introduced and briefly discussed. Goetz, S. J., Rupasingha, A., & Loveridge, S. (2012). Social Capital, Religion, Wal-Mart, and Hate Groups in America*. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 93(2), 379-393. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00854.x Matusitz, J., & Lord, L. (2013). Glocalization or Grobalization of Wal-Mart in the US? A Qualitative Analysis. Journal Of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 10(1), 81-100.

Application and Impact of Financial Reporting Standard 5 Essay

Application and Impact of Financial Reporting Standard 5 - Essay Example The best advantage is that this FRS does not affect a majority of transactions; however, it has an effect on complex transactions whose substance is not very apparent. Objective: The aim of Financial Reporting Standard 5 is to make sure that the substance of the transactions of the business is reflected clearly in the financial statements. Moreover, it intends to cover the honest representation of the commercial impacts of the transactions on the profits, losses, liabilities as well as assets of the business so that the accounting statements do not just consider the legal form of a specific transaction but also its commercial form. A chief point in concluding on the substance of the transaction is to note whether the transaction has resulted in an increase or decrease in liabilities or assets of the business. The definition of assets and liabilities has been clarified in the FRS 5. Once the identification of a liability or asset is done, the inclusion needs to happen in the balance sheet subject to the condition that there is adequate evidence of the existence of the liability or the assets. Moreover, the monetary value of these should be measurable. The asset or liability respectively should be included only if the transaction does not significantly alter rights of the benefits to the entity or its exposure of risks. If the transaction does not do so, it is appropriate to make amendments in the monetary value of the asset/liability. The FRS takes into consideration several transactions and gives a detailed disclosure and measurement guideline regarding transactions with specific features including consignment stock, repurchase contracts, loan transfer, securitization, factoring, revenue recognition, and private finance initiatives. Presentation and Disclosure FRS 5 takes a view of the problems of financing off-balance sheet items. The problem of understatement is solved due to the presentation and disclosure guidelines of FRS 5. A specific type of presentation known as "linked presentation" is suggested for financial arrangements that are non-recourse in nature. Such a presentation shows the deductions of finance from the gross amount of the particular item that is financed. Sufficient disclosure is vital for the transaction for having a clear idea of the commercial effect of the same. The disclosure requires detailed explanation when the recognition of the asset or liability is different from that found under the related headings in a balance sheet. (FRS 5, Accounting Standard Board) Thus, FRS 5 has a clear and structured approach for reporting the substance of the transactions. FRS 5 has a noteworthy effect on the reporting of financial statements. However, it is clarified that it does not affect a vast majority of a transaction, but certainly has an impact on complex transactions. Here, we take into consideration the impact and application of FRS 5 on various transactions.

LITERATURE REVIEW ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL STORIES ON THE SOCIAL Essay

LITERATURE REVIEW ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL STORIES ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN - Essay Example It can use pictorial tools for elaboration. It has descriptive, affirmative, perspective sentences and directive sentence. For every 0 to 1 directive sentence, the ratio of descriptive, affirmative, and perspective sentences should be 2 to 5. Later, cooperative and control sentences were added in an enlarged definition. Delano and Snell (2006) study was conducted on three Autism affected students Derrel, Sean and Thomas aged 6, 6, and 9 years respectively. Six peers, two each for autism affected child were used. One was a training peer and the other a general peer. Social engagement, its absence, appropriateness and inappropriateness with the peer were studied. The social story was used to increase social interaction and improve target skills This study was the fourth ever study done in history on use of social stories to study improvement in social skills for autistic child. Sean used only text story but Derrel and Thomas were given picture-symbol text. Data was collected over ten minute social sessions. For comparative analysis of intervention and non-intervention phase, a baseline was accepted and the behavior of the students was noted. Duration data in second in 45 sessions for appropriate, in appropriate social engagement and absence of social engagement amongst the affected children and peers was noted in a typical setting of interaction with a training peer, in the story intervention phase, decrease of intervention phase (fading) and absence of story(no story) phase. The first author and an educational teacher were appointed as the observers for study. They were trained on Procorder DV system till they obtained kappa coefficient. All the sessions were video graphed and exported to the Multi-Option Observation System for accurate analysis. There was marked improvement in the social behavior of the target children in the intervention phase. In the fading and no story phases, though the data of social engagement

Environmental sustainable development

Environmental sustainable development Introduction Sustainability can be described as a state in which humankind is living within the carrying capacity of the earth. This means that the earth has the capacity to accommodate the needs of existing populations in a sustainable way and is therefore also able to provide for future generations. Humankind is nowadays facing the fact that, with its intensive industrial activities, pollution, and resource exploitation has exceeded the earths carrying capacity. This means we must make strong and concerted shift of development in direction where earth can sustain humankind needs. This concerted and integrated action and change of direction can be referred to as sustainable development. Changes and integrated action can be first applied on micro level sectors like mining industries, where cumulative effects of such small changes can give very good results, in terms of sustainable development, (B. Clayton et al, 2002). The Brundtland Commissions (1987) vision of sustainable development is to mee t the needs of the present generation without undermining the capacity of future generations to meet their needs. . Sustainable development can be looked at as a process; this process involves the economic, social and cultural aspects of mankind as well as the environmental health of the planet, (Brundtland, 1987). This report is to elaborate on the Mining and Minerals sector how Sustainable development can be applied to the sector to confront present challenges. Jonathon Porritt puts it: Sustainable development is the only intellectually coherent, sufficiently inclusive potentially mind-changing concept that gets even half-way close to capturing the true nature and urgency of the challenge that now confronts the world and there is really no alternative, (D.Clayton et al., 2002). In the past decade, the mining and minerals industry has come under tremendous pressure to improve its social, developmental, and environmental performance, (http://ccsenet.org/jsd). Like other parts of the corporate world, companies are more routinely expected to perform to ever higher standards of behaviour, going well beyond achieving the best rate of return for shareholders. They are also increasingly being asked to be more transparent and subject to third-party audit or review. In response, a number of companies, either independently or with other actors, is establishing voluntary standards that often go beyond any law. But even so, some observers remain suspect that many businesses are merely engaging in public relations exercises and doubt their sincerity. In particular, the industry has been failing to convince some of its constituencies and stakeholders that it necessarily has the social licence to operate in many areas of the world. Despite the industrys undoubted importance in meeting the need for minerals and its significant contributions to economic and social development, concerns about aspects of its performance prevail. Mining, refining, and the u se and disposal of minerals have in some instances led to significant local environmental and social damage. It is not always clear that mining brings economic and social benefits to the host countries, as the minerals sector sometimes operates where there is poor governance, including corruption, and is thus associated with it, (G.J. Coakley, 1999). In some cases, communities and indigenous groups near or around mines allege human rights abuses. Many countries and communities depend on minerals production as a source of income and a means of development. And with growing trade liberalization and privatization, much of the investment in minerals exploration and production has turned to developing and transition countries. Mining is important in 51 developing countries accounting for 15-50% of exports in 30 countries and 5-15% of exports in a further 18 countries, and being important domestically in 3 other countries. About 3.5 billion people live in these countries, with about 1.5 billion living on less than US$2 per day, (World Bank, 2002). Minerals development can create many opportunities, including jobs, a transfer of skills and technology, and the development of local infrastructure and services. However, there is sometimes a lack of capacity, knowledge, and incentives to turn investment into development. The industry has generated wealth in direct and indirect ways but, it is alleged, there is a mismatch of opportunities and problems the wealth often being enjoyed far from the communities and environments that feel the adverse impacts. Sustainable development objectives A review of literature on sustainability suggests that sustainability can be described in terms of social, economic and environmental states that are required in order for overall sustainability to be achieved. The World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation provides range of sustainable development objectives that should be aimed in order to achieve sustainability. Environmental Sustainable Development Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size, productivity and biodiversity: Ensure that development conserves or increased the size, biodiversity and productivity of the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Resource management: Ensure that development supports the management of the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Resource extraction and processing: Ensure that development minimizes the use of support of environmentally damaging resource extraction and processing practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Waste and pollution: Ensure that development manages the production of waste to ensure that this does not cause environmental damage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water: Ensure that development manages extraction, consumption and disposal of water in order not to adversely affect the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy: Ensure that development manages the extraction and consumption of resources in order not to adversely affect natural systems (Gibberd, 2005). Economic Sustainable Development Objectives: Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, (http://ccsenet.org/jsd). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employment and self-employment: Ensure that development supports increased access to employment and supports self-employment and the development of small enterprises. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficiency and effectiveness: Ensure that development (including technology specified) is designed and managed to be highly efficient and effective, achieving high productivity level with few resources and limited waste and pollution. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indigenous knowledge and technology: Ensure that development takes into account and draws on, where appropriate, indigenous knowledge and technology. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sustainable accounting: Ensure that development is based on a scientific approach that takes in to account, and is formed by, social, environmental and economic impacts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An enabling environment: Develop an enabling environment for sustainable development including the development of transparent, equitable, supportive policies, processes and forward planning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small-scale, local and diverse economies: Ensure that development supports development of small-scale, local and diverse economies, (Gibberd, 2005). Social Sustainable Development Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access: Ensures that development supports increased access to land, adequate shelter, finance, information, public service, technology and communications where this is needed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education: Ensure that development improves levels of education and awareness, including awareness of sustainable development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inclusive: Ensure that development processes, and benefits, are inclusive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Health, Safety and Security: Ensure that development considers human rights and supports improved health, safety and security. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participation: Ensure that development supports interaction, partnerships and involves and is influenced by the people that it affects. This description provides simple definitions for sustainability and sustainable development. A useful aspect of the definition is that it provides both an ultimate state that must be strived for a swell set of actions or objectives, which if addressed and implemented, will lead towards sustainable development, (Gibberd, 2005). Sustainable Development Framework for the Minerals Sector Applying the concept of sustainable development to the minerals sector does not mean making one mine after another sustainable. The challenge of the sustainable development framework is to see that the minerals sector as a whole contributes to human welfare and well-being today without reducing the potential for future generations to do the same. Thus the approach has to be both comprehensive taking into account the whole minerals system and forward looking, setting out long-term as well as short term objectives, (D. Clayton et al, 2002). Moving from the concept of sustainable development to action requires: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a robust framework based on an agreed set of broad principles; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ an understanding of the key challenges and constraints facing the sector at different levels and in different regions and the actions needed to meet or overcome them, along with the respective roles and responsibilities of actors in the sector; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a process for responding to these challenges that respects the rights and interests of all those involved, is able to set priorities, and ensures that action is taken at the appropriate level à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ an integrated set of institutions and policy instruments to ensure minimum standards of compliance as well as responsible voluntary actions; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ verifiable measures to evaluate progress and foster consistent improvement. If the minerals sector is to contribute positively to sustainable development, it needs to demonstrate continuous improvement of its social, economic, and environmental contribution, with new and evolving governance systems. The sector needs a framework within which it should judge and pursue any development. The Challenges of Implementation One of the key challenges for minerals sector is implementation. I n other to facilitate putting sustainable development into practice in the mining and minerals sector, policy makers will need to select a mixture of the principles of sustainable development outlined above. Putting sustainable development into practice also requires actors in the minerals sector to be publicly committed to explicit and well-understood goals and objectives. Leadership from the top is a must, as is the need to ensure that all employees understand what sustainable development entails. This is necessary not only for companies but also for government ministries and departments at all levels, as well as labour, civil society organizations, and communities. Capacity building is also a key to moving forward, (D.clayton et al, 2002). Conclusion The concept of sustainable development is not new for it brings together ideas from a long history of human development into one common framework. This is becoming an increasingly important guide and judge for many actors whether from government, industry, or civil society. There is little disagreement about the broad principles contained in the framework, although different groups and individuals accord different priorities to the various spheres economic, environmental, social, and governance depending on their interests and their level of understanding and implementation. These priorities will determine the paths of action for implementation of the principles. The differences do not detract from the high level vision of sustainable development, which allows for different iterative and ever improving approaches. For improvement this actions have to be enforced: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consistency with the sustainable development framework; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuous and clearly defined objectives and incentives to change towards better practice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SMART specific, monitorable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound approach; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enforcing higher levels of trust and cooperation; and, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where possible, built on existing structures and institutions. In many ways the picture today is already more positive than it was some decades ago. There remains much to be done in improving the sectors contribution to all aspects of sustainable development. But the largest companies and their newest operations at least are now being held to higher standards. Indeed, the best mining operations are now in the sustainable development vanguard not merely ahead of what local regulations demand, but achieving higher social and environmental standards than many other industrial enterprises. Reference:  · Brundtland: World Commission on environment and Development (1987). (pp.43).  · Dalal-Cayton.D.B and Bass.S (2002). The Nature of Sustainable Development Strategies.(pp.66-77,115,261).  · George J. Coakley, 1999. The minerals industry of Ghana in the US Department of the interior, US Geological survey, minerals yearbook. Area Reports: International 1997, Africa and the Middle East. Volume III  · Gibberd J. T., (2005). Developing a Sustainable Development Approach for Buildings and Construction Processes Smart Sustainable Built Environments. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chapter 27. (pp 300-310).  · Maja Mitich : Sustainable Approach to A Reform of Coal Mining Industry in Serbia. University of Singidunum, Belgrade, Serbia. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/viewFile/4797/4461 (Accessed: 06/05/2010).  · Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, http://www.ccsenet.org/jsd (Accessed: 07/05/2010).  · World Bank International Finance Corporation (2002) Treasure or trouble? Mining in developing countries. Draft.